【經濟日報╱朱文章】
2011.09.09 03:23 am
騙得死死 hook,line,and sinker
上市公司經營團隊利多不斷,身為投資者,你要不要相信?流氓國家聲稱沒有核生化武器,身為強國談判者,你該不該相信?我們都知道決策需要情報,但關係重大的情報,其真偽難以證實,心理上我們會「寧可信其有」,還會火速採取行動,因為我們以為危機就在眼前(because it's there)。
某大廠總經理去職之後,新經營團隊內部稽核,發現某區庫存及應收帳款異常,公司斷然處置(go cold turkey),決定提供該地區通路銷貨折讓,認列損失新台幣數十億元。經查出錯的地區,竟然是前總經理戰功最輝煌,藉以發跡的地區。公司這才知道,當時前任老總的傑出表現竟然是雙面刃(two-edged sword),而其高深莫測(grinning like a Cheshire cat)的銷售表現,只是遮人耳目的花招。
美軍入侵伊拉克,當時言之鑿鑿的理由,是伊拉克擁有大規模殺傷武器,事後證明子虛烏有,有人說海珊沒有那麼壞(black as one is painted),一般法治國家對被告在證明有罪之前都是清白的(Innocent until proven guilty),但他的下場是未經審判已經定罪,難怪有人說這一切都是戰爭販子(war mongering)挑起的,但當時所有證據都指向對海珊不利的一面。
瑞典前外長布利斯擔任聯合國伊拉克調查團團長,說當時只有法國總統席哈克一個人獨持異議,因為席哈克認為各國情報人員向來只會人云亦云,不敢假定自己判斷有誤(rational ignorance)。孫子說:「死間者,為誑事於外,令吾聞知之而傳於敵間也;」即冒著生命危險向敵方提供假情報的我方特工,有死間從中攪局,稍一不查,敵人就會被他騙得死死(hook, line, and sinker.),可見懷疑自己的判斷可能出錯這件事有多麼困難,又何其重要。
例:"Just because it's there, does it mean it is true?"「東西擺在眼前,我還是不敢確定真假。」
"Finally the company went cold turkey on the sales performance of that area and tried its best to stop the bleeding."「公司對於該地區之銷售狀況失去信心,採取斷然處置作為以便止血。」
"His great performance was a real double-edged sword because he never felt he could communicate with other people."「他表現傑出,卻因此和別人格格不入,可謂利弊互見。」
"Before the scandal, the former boss has been grinning like a Cheshire cat,and the rest of his colleagues were looking pretty chuffed."「案發前,原來的老闆總是笑口常開,一派高深莫測,把同仁蒙在鼓裡。」
"Shylock is not as black as he is painted. He seems quite generous to the orphans."「夏洛克非常善待那些孤兒們,人們對他似乎誤會很大。」
"Everyone is entitled to wish the court to consider him innocent until he is proven to be guilty."「未經審判定讞,人人都應該被無罪看待,這是每個人的權利。」
"People said the whole warfare was caused by the war mongers who make a living off the invasion."「有人說:這根本是戰爭販子掀起藉以發財的侵略。」
"Because information is costly to gather and process, decision makers often practice rational ignorance: they decide with incomplete information."「情報得來不易,在情報不足時,決策者就必須在自知有可能出錯的狀態下做出決定。」
"The spy made up such a good story that we fell for it hook, line, and sinker."「這個間諜說詞言之鑿鑿,我們全部上了大當。」
(作者任教陸軍官校,本專欄每周五刊登)
【2011/09/09 經濟日報】
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