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兵來將擋 best response 黛拉和吉姆是貧窮的年輕夫妻。耶誕節前夕,兩人想盡辦法(leave no stone unturned ),想找出一些錢來買禮物送給對方。 黛拉的長髮濃密又美麗,於是她上街賣掉一頭秀髮,買了白金表鏈,滿心以為(rational assumption)這樣可以讓吉姆高興,因為吉姆非常珍惜他的金表,這是傳家之寶。 吉姆回家,看見黛拉的短髮,大吃一驚(taken aback),因為他才買了一把鑲有寶石的梳子,給黛拉作為禮物,好用來寶貝她的頭髮。錢怎麼來的?他把心愛的金表賣了! 一廂情願…誤判情勢損美意 因為兩人一廂情願(wishful thinkers)的個性,讓黛拉失去美麗的長髮,也讓吉姆失去珍貴的金表。事情不會永遠朝我們自以為是的方向發展,這是美國小說聖手歐亨利最擅長描寫的主題。 現實生活中,這種誤判的事情也所在多有。形勢轉變,別人的善意(the kindness of strangers)有時會隨之變質,而抓不到重點,更會把理所當然的美事,轉成晴天霹靂(out of the blue)的惡耗。 孫子說:「不知彼而知己,一勝一負」,這是指了解競爭對手底細愈多,你就能夠找到賽局理論裏的最佳對策(best response)來確保戰果,勝算就會愈大。 知彼知己…摸清底細保戰果 所謂兵來將擋,水來土掩,就是風險管控得當(calculated risk),對策可以放行無虞(give someone the green light)。因此如果能夠溝通得法,找到最佳對策,黛拉和吉姆前述的遺憾,當然也就可以避免了。 例:" In searching for some money to buy the Christmas gifts for each other,they left no stone unturned."「為了買耶誕禮物給對方,兩人上窮碧落下黃泉似地找錢。」 "She thought it was a rational assumption that her husband would treasure the gift."「她自忖她的先生理當會喜歡這個禮物。」 "When he saw her new hair cut, he was taken back for a moment."「看著她的新髮型,他大吃一驚,半响說不出話。」 "They both are very sweet, wishful thinkers. They do not deal with the alternate reality of what the outcome probably in reality will be, and get into trouble with this way of assessing situations."「他倆都是那種不太用腦筋,也不深入事情變化的人;因為一廂情願,所以常常把事情搞到枝節橫生的地步。」 "We often rely on the kindness of strangers to increase our happiness, but we should keep in mind that it might become unkind easily."「我們常仰賴他人的善意來追求幸福,但這種善意很容易變成惡意,我們要謹記在心。」 最佳對策…提高勝算多溝通 "The loss came out of the blue. It happened suddenly and they were not expecting it."「因為雙方都沒有心理準備,損失突如其來,猶如晴天霹靂。」 "In order to produce the most favorable outcome for this young couple, they need to communicate more to reach their best responses."「為了增進最大福祉,小倆口有必要多溝通,找到最佳對策。」 "They took a calculated risk when they found the best responses."「找到最佳對策之後,勝算大大提高。」"Her husband gave her the green light to spend the money."「她老公允許她花那筆錢。」 (作者任教陸軍官校,suntzu@suntzu4u.com.tw) 【2010/12/24 經濟日報】 |
踢到鐵板 catch a Tartar
電動遊樂場裡,除了太鼓達人、娃娃機,打地鼠機也很受喜歡:玩家手執棒槌,哪個洞冒出地鼠,就朝哪個洞打,有人得心應手,有人左支右絀,地鼠此起彼落打不勝打,這是遊戲的賣點。
賽局裡有個「連鎖店矛盾」很像打地鼠機:各大城市有連鎖店,潛在競爭者隨時虎視眈眈,遇競爭者加入戰局,因為仍有利可圖,按理性判斷,經營者可以選擇容 忍;但何以會像打地鼠般,明知削價競爭會兩敗俱傷,也要「殺一儆百」(make an example of someone),讓仿效者打退堂鼓(nip something in the bud)?這猛藥(Desperate diseases must have desperate remedies.)下得十分不理性,其道理何在?
連鎖業者願意犧牲局部利益,寸土必爭(like a dog in the manger),花大力氣總之要讓挑戰者鎩羽而歸(beat a hasty retreat),當然是觀照到整體經營(across the board)考量。因為稍一不慎,讓競爭者養成氣候,像雨後春筍無所不在難以根治,這時寡占的優勢局面就會喪失殆盡。
用理性的思維,演出不理性的戲碼,箇中巧妙就是讓人防不勝防。這也是孫子:「三軍之眾,可使必受敵而無敗者,奇正是也;」以及:「戰勢不過奇正,奇正之變,不可勝窮也。奇正相生,如迴圈之無端,孰能窮之哉!」的兵法精髓。
連鎖業者盤據地方甚久,根深柢固,他只要全力對付一兩個先冒出頭的競爭者,用看似意氣用事(with his heart and not his head)的雙輸手法處理,內心老神在在(sure of his conviction),手法卻讓人摸不著頭緒,後來的競爭者不知道會不會也踢到鐵板(catch a Tartar),只好不敢輕舉妄動。
例:"This was a public warning to make an example out of the company for anyone attempting to enter the market."「他們拿這家公司開刀,以警告有意仿效的其他業者。」
"Boss says we need to nip them in the bud before they get to be big problems."「老闆指示:在他們坐大前,務必將之剷除。」
"Something must be done to deter the competitors! Desperate diseases require desperate remedies."「為了遏阻競爭者,我們下重手也在所不惜。」
"Acting like a dog in the manger, we prevent those competitors from entering our market."「這小小地盤實不足惜,但我們就是使盡全力,不讓對方立足。」
"When they faced fierce resistance from the local shops, they beat a hasty retreat and left for good."「在地業者反擊力道強勁,他們就從此打了退堂鼓。」
"The incumbent chain store company took an across-the-board strategy to cope with the challenges from the continual entrants."「競爭者紛至沓來,現有在地連鎖業者全面備戰。」
"He acts as if he thought with his heart and not his head, but that is exactly how we get stuck in a big way."「他故意裝成不用大腦,卻因此讓大家上了大當。」
"He is so absolutely sure of his convictions, but makes them think he is hard to predict."「他內心老神在在,外表卻讓人難以捉摸。」"They learn to know that they will never want to catch a tartar in this market."「他們學到:進入這個市場要三思,免得踢到鐵板。」
(作者任教陸軍官校,suntzu@suntzu4u.com.tw)