2010年10月7日 星期四

孫子兵法學英文/一廂情願 wishful thinking

wishful thinking
齊大臣田忌喜歡賽馬,跟齊王和貴族子弟對賭,下了千金的賭注。臨場孫臏對田忌說:「先用您的下駟(下等馬)去和他們的上駟(上等馬)比賽,再拿您的上駟對付他們的中駟,最後用您的中駟對付他們的下駟。」
三場比賽,田忌輸一場贏兩場,贏了齊王千金賭注。於是田忌就把孫臏推薦給齊威王,並被尊為軍師。孫臏用計贏得賽馬,故事生動,膾炙人口(to be a tale of many chapters),國人也習慣把這個典故當成形容策略運用的例子。
例:"Tien Ji's victory at the horse racing field is a tale of many chapters.It started with a brilliant action advised by Sun Bin to get the match-up in Tien's favor."「田忌聽從孫臏的建議,在馬匹調度上掌握優勢,贏得賽馬,此事也成為歷史佳話。」
不過,田孫聯手雖然贏了,過程卻疑點重重(something is rotten in Denmark),因為如果仔細推敲(put our fingers on it),就會發現田孫兩人之所以能獲勝,是建立在對方不作為的基礎之上。從賽局策略運用,及現實世界的運作看,競爭時,期盼對手坐以待斃的機率不大 (the argument is built on sand)。換言之,假定當時威王也如法炮製,在調度上反將一軍,田孫兩人的計謀就會破功。
例:"Something is rotten in Denmark in his winning; we decide to know the reason now."「他的獲勝過程不無瑕疵,我們決定著手調查。」"There is something wrong with his story, we know now the reason after we put our finger on it."「他的說詞疑點重重,經我們仔細推敲,終於找到真相。」
"The argument is built on sand as we find his whole basis is flawed."「他的說法錯誤百出,毫無根據。」
孫子兵法:「昔之善戰者,先為不可勝,以待敵之可勝。不可勝在己,可勝在敵。故善戰者,能為不可勝,不能使敵之必可勝。」這段話的意思,說明善戰者只能儘量做到不讓敵人打敗,但不能保證一定打敗敵人。
以上等於指出:競爭是激烈的互動,策略是建立在雙方完全的投入,所以,把孫臏的調度行動當成策略典範,就是「見樹不見林」(couldn't see the forest because of all the trees),因為妄想敵人在我出手之後,任憑挨打而不還手,不就是一廂情願(wishful thinking)?
例:"Those who believe Sun's action is a good strategy couldn't see the forest because of all the trees. To believe your enemy's inaction is nothing but a wishful thinking."「以為敵手不採取行動,這是一廂情願的看法;也因此證明,相信孫臏是策略高手的種見解,純屬見樹不見林。」
孫臏的確提出按實力大小排序的調度,因有數字可考,所以讓人不疑有他(give in to the numbers),但敗在無法證明對手也曾經全力投入。因此,我們應該更大格局地看整個過程(are looking at the big picture),並且小心因應(to err on the side of caution),才能真正了解兵法的精髓所在。
例:"If we really look at the big picture, we will not give in to the numbers."「有大局觀,就不會被數字迷惑。」"If ever in doubt, choose to err on the side of caution rather than take a chance at being wrong."「真有疑惑,就要謹慎以對,以免犯錯。」
(作者任教陸軍官校,suntzu@suntzu4u.com.tw)
【2010/10/08 經濟日報】

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